Why is Waterproofing Required?

John A. D’Annunzio

 

The first question that an architect will have to answer is if waterproofing is required on the building that they are designing.  This can be a complex question and the answer could have a significant ramification over the life span of the structure.  Economic and code requirements could also weigh heavily in the decision process.  Waterproofing may be included for a piece of mind, this is the one component of the building that it may be best to caution on the side of err.

There are five reasons why waterproofing is required.  They are:

1.                  Code requirements

2.                  Keep water out of the building

3.                  To protect the structure: concrete and steel

4.                  Hydrostatic pressure

5.                  Economics: the cost of excavation

One: Code Requirements

Certain codes require the use of waterproofing in different conditions.  It is the responsibility of the architect or designer to make certain that the waterproofing component is in compliance with the applicable Federal, state or Local codes.  The primary distinction of the codes in regards to the water table and hydrostatic pressure.  A proper engineering study of the grounds is required to establish this criterion for the design phase.

The IBC code requires dampproofing or waterproofing application when the site ground water table is maintained at an elevation of not less than six (6) inches below the bottom of the ground slab.  The IBC codes also require waterproofing applications where hydrostatic pressure will occur.

ASTM states that dampproofing or waterproofing is required for slabs on ground and foundation retaining walls.

 

Two: Keep Moisture Out of the Building

The main function of a structure is to protect man from the environment.  This has been the one element that has remained consistent throughout the history of mankind.  Advancements in material technology, application procedures and design have not changed this function.  The main purpose of waterproofing is to serve as a barrier that protects the interior of the structure from moisture intrusion and other environmental ingress. 

Below grade building components are susceptible to moisture intrusion because they can be exposed to moisture from groundwater for weeks – even months – at a time.  Buildings constructed in low-lying areas with high water tables can be exposed to groundwater throughout the life of the structure. 

There are several points where a below grade exterior component is prone to moisture infiltration.  These points require proper design diligence from architects to keep moisture out of the building.  Some of the more common areas of concern are:

·                     Tie-rod Holes

·                     Cold Joints

·                     Expansion Joints

·                     Penetrations

·                     Internal Drains

 

Three: Protect the Structure: Concrete and Steel

In addition to keeping moisture out of the building, waterproofing serves another equally important role.  It helps protect the structural elements – concrete and steel – from moisture and environmental (chemicals, soils, etc.) related damage.

Deterioration from the elements can occur in the form of cracks and spalling of the concrete or corrosion and rusting of the steel components.  In each case, these deficiencies have an adverse effect on the long-term performance capacity of these components. 

 

Concrete in its self is not completely waterproof.  If the integrity of the concrete is maintained it can remain waterproof, however, concrete can crack before hardening through construction movement, plastic or drying shrinkage or early frost damage.  Concrete can crack after hardening through settlement, seismic forces, vibration or creep, deflection from soil movement or excessive loading. 

 

Four: Hydrostatic Pressure

The determination of hydrostatic pressure is an important element prior to the design stage.  This is a basic factor in the choice of a waterproofing system.  By definition, if hydrostatic pressure is present than waterproofing – not dampproofing – is required. 

Aspects demanding consideration regarding hydrostatic pressure include the intensity and duration of the pressure.  This should be defined by a civil engineer and is important in consideration of waterproofing materials that are specified.  Other issues that require clarification prior to design are if the pressure is continuous or intermittent and if the water is stationary or flowing.

The issue of hydrostatic pressure is extremely important in the design of waterproofing systems for several reasons.  Hydrostatic pressure can have adverse effects on waterproofing systems if they are not properly designed or applied.  Hydrostatic pressure can force membranes into voids in the concrete.  Cracking in the concrete that occurs under flexural stress can rupture the membrane and create leaks.

 

Hydrostatic pressure can also force water into tie-rod holes, cold joints, and rock pockets.  It can also turn minor imperfections into probable sources of leaks.

 

Five: Economics

In the last decade the term ‘value engineering’ has gained prominence, particularly with General Contractors who look to add to their profit margins through substitution of materials and systems. The term implies that there may be some value in substituting design materials or application procedures with less expensive methods of construction.  This approach is highly cautioned in below grade waterproofing.  The primary reason for this concern is one of risk v. cost.  If a building owner wants to cut costs, the waterproofing system is the last place to do so.  This is because the cost of excavation far exceeds the initial cost.  Due to this fact, the designer should always minimize risk despite any reasonable – or unreasonable – costs.  With waterproofing you only have one chance to do it right!

The architect should stand firm on the waterproofing design and should not accept change orders for materials or systems that they are not familiar (or comfortable) with.  If the building owner or general contractor forces changes to design of materials or application procedures without the designers acceptance, the designer should have those parties sign a release of liability.  As a professional in the industry the designer will assume liability for all design components – even those changed without their consent – unless a release of liability is provided.

 

Where is Waterproofing Required?

Once it has been established that waterproofing is required, the next important decision is to determine where it is required.  Typically, waterproofing should be applied over all below grade concrete surfaces.  There are several other established building components that require waterproofing protection, they are:

·                     Underground Structures

·                     Elevated Structural slabs over underground spaces

·                     Structural slabs below grade

·                     Structural slabs above grade

·                     Foundations

·                     Lagging walls

·                     Plazas

·                     Terraces

·                     Promenades

·                     Planters

Atachment Codes Required to Decrease Roof Damage in High Velocity Wind Zones

John A. D’Annunzio

System attachment is the most critical element of roof design and application.  Improper attachment results in the increased probability of wind blow-offs and contributes to membrane strain created by differential movement of the system components.  The design and application methods must address attachment of the total system and all of the components – substrate, roofing, flashing, metal coverings and penetrations.  The most prevalent element that proper attachment will deter is damage from wind force, particularly wind uplift damage.

Wind damage of roof systems primarily initiates at perimeters and corners of the building and infiltrates throughout the field of the system.  Generally, wind vortexes occur at the perimeter of the building displacing perimeter components (flashings, wood nailers, metal coverings, etc.) creating openings for wind entry into the system.  The wind transcends through the system in a cross directional pattern creating uplift and damage at points throughout the field of the system.  Wind uplift can also occur from below the deck in facilities damaged by wind from interior entry points, such as windows, doors, overhead doors, etc.  Secondary wind damage can also occur at the roof from membrane protrusions created by wind driven projectiles.

High Velocity Wind Classifications

There are four high wind velocity classifications, which range from 39 mph to in excess of 300 mph.  The most common type of wind is a gale force wind, which can vary in wind speed from 39 to 72 mph.  These types of winds are steady in velocity and have sporadic gusts.  Wind forces in combination with thunder, electric storms and heavy rainfall are referred to as squalls.  Squalls can range up to 90 mph. Even though gales and squalls have the least amount of wind force of the four classifications, they contribute to over 70% of the wind related claims per year.  This is largely due to their common occurrences in most U.S. regions. 

Hurricanes primarily occur in the Gulf and Atlantic costal regions and contribute to wide spread damage.  Most hurricanes form in the Atlantic as tropical storms, when they exceed 73 mph they reach hurricane status.  There are five levels of hurricanes, which are categorized by wind speeds.  Hurricanes typically occur between the end of May through November – the official hurricane season.

Tornadoes are characterized as severe squalls with the addition of a funnel (vortex).  Wind speeds are high and typically immeasurable.  They have been estimated to be between 200 to 300 mph within the vortex.  They are most common in the central United States in the spring, however, they can – and have – occurred in other regions at other times of the year.

Effects of High Velocity Wind Speeds on Roofs

Wind, especially at high velocity, creates vacuum or negative pressure, lifting the membrane and roof insulation material loose from points of attachment.  Wind uplift is severe at the roof perimeter primarily at corners, where it exceeds the normal static pressure against the wall. 

Wind damage to roofs also occurs through membrane punctures created by the impact of wind driven projectiles.  The projectiles typically consist of roof components (metal terminations, flashings, membrane, tiles, etc.) or mechanical equipment displaced in windstorms. In most cases, the projectiles are from adjoining roofs or surrounding buildings that puncture roofs otherwise unaffected by wind damage. 

The membrane openings created by these impacts allow for the free flow of moisture into the roof system during the rainstorms that characteristically follow these events.  Since the International Building Code states that roof systems with more than 25% of wet insulation require roof removal to the deck, the cost of collateral damage from wind- storms can be excessive.

Required Changes in Design, Manufacturing and Application

Proactive measures are required to decrease roof damage in high velocity wind zones.  These changes are required throughout the roofing process during the design, manufacturing and application phases: 

1.   Design for Attachment: Wind uplift damage can be significantly reduced through the design and implementation of proper roof attachment procedures.  Proper roof attachment can be determined in accordance with FM requirements or ASCE Standard Wind-Uplift calculations. The procedure to determine wind uplift pressure rating on specific buildings during the design phase is based a calculation that takes into account the basic wind speed in the geographical area, ground surrounding the building and the roof uplift pressure at the field of the roof.  The buildings height and perimeter construction are also considered.  It is the responsibility of the specifier to complete these calculations and to determine the proper wind uplift rating for the building.  Only materials and systems that meet the calculated uplift pressures should be applied.

The calculated pressure is applicable for the determination of the entire roof system – roof deck and all above grade components.  However, this procedure only determines attachment rates for the field of the roof.  The pressures required for corners and perimeters must be calculated separately. 

2.   Manufacture of Impact Resistant Membranes: The application of impact resistant membranes would significantly reduce collateral damage to the roofs that illustrated no other signs of wind-uplift damage.  Regulations could be implemented utilizing the current ASTM impact resistance testing standards. 

3.   Compliance During Application:  The largest impact that these potential changes could have will be the compliance of the contractor during the application phase.  The current wind-uplift requirements are typically only monitored through the design phase.  This includes the manufacturers system testing, which is conducted in a controlled setting with materials that may or may not be applied on all roof projects.  Some roof specifications and designs are reviewed for code compliance.  However, there are no current regulations for the verification of the completed systems attachment methods.  Due to the fact that insurance companies will be forced to pay claims on roof systems that possessed improprieties of application, a concentrated effort may begin to verify what they are insuring prior to a catastrophic event.

The costs associated with application verification may be prohibitive due to the scale of the task.  However, in a year where the insurance companies are paying billions of dollars for roof and associated collateral damage (interior repairs, loss of production, temporary housing, etc.) this issue may rise to the top of the agenda.  Some insurance carriers have maintained a proactive stance in this area and have existing verification methods in place.  The remaining insurers may begin requiring their insured building owners to provide roof system compliance verification as a stipulation of their policy. 

Required Building Code Changes

The only way to enact these changes is through the implementation of more stringent codes in all high velocity wind zones.  This would include the Gulf and Atlantic coastal regions and should include inland areas a minimum of 100 miles from the coast.  The current codes make reference to the FM and ASCE attachment methods; however, they are primarily enforced in the design phase and the codes do not address project compliance.   

Proper code implementation should mandate regulations as stringent as the high velocity section of the Florida Building Code.  These sections can serve as an effective template for code development, particularly due to the fact that they have been in effect for over a decade.  Proper code development requires implementation of standards that address all phases of roofing: design, manufacture and application.

The success of the code will be based on the ability to complete project compliance inspections.  Most of the wind related failures that we have observed over the years were initiated by improper application methods.  Typically, project design is reviewed and approved (or rejected) by code agencies prior to construction; however, actual application practices are not always inspected.  The primary reason typically stated for this oversight is that the local agencies (code enforcement and/or insurance companies) lack the manpower required too complete such a daunting task.  The failure of this reasoning is that other building components – such as structural, electrical, mechanical and plumbing - have required compliance inspections on all facilities.  Therefore, additional manpower may not be required; roof attachment inspections could become part of the structural inspections.

Code enforcement should be maintained at the local municipality level and can be monitored through the issuance of mandatory permits for all roofing projects (commercial and residential, new construction and remedial projects).  The issuance of permits (prior to project inception) can be based on the following criteria: 

1.                  ASCE wind uplift calculations are prepared by a licensed engineer for the specific project facility to determine the wind uplift pressure for the facility and to determine the proper attachment requirements.

2.                  Fastener pull-out tests are required to determine the attachment capacity of the existing substrate.

3.                  Materials and/or systems should comply with identified high velocity wind regulations.  This would include – but is not limited to – wind uplift testing and puncture resistance testing.

Once the permits are issued and the project begins, code compliance can be enforced through mandatory project inspections.  Code compliance inspections must be completed at the following intervals:

1.                  Substrate Attachment: To ensure application attachment methods are in compliance with the approved project design requirements.  These inspections would include attachment of the underlayment, insulation and/or membrane on low-slope applications and title, shingle, and/or standing seam metal attachment on steep-slope applications.  Application at the field of the roof and the wind vulnerable edges must be inspected.

2.                  Final Inspection: To ensure that the roof system is applied in compliance with the approved project design requirements.  Tile uplift tests and/or specific material extraction may be required to determine project application methods.

The intent of the proposed roof attachment codes is to minimize structural damage and limit associated human health and safety risks in high velocity wind events.  These code changes will not eliminate all wind related roof damage, but they will greatly reduce damage initiated by improper attachment methods and flying projectiles.  The cost savings realized by these codes for insurance companies, building owners and municipalities (State and Local levels) could be substantial.  The potential savings to human health and safety would be immeasurable.

Roof Membrane Systems: Advantages and Disadvantages

Roof Membrane Systems: Advantages and Disadvantages

Membrane System               Advantages                                 Disadvantages

EPDM                               Economical                                 Life Span – 15 years

                                          Track Record to 1980s               Seams require continual maintenance

                                          Flexible Sheet                             Ponding water is detrimental

                                                                                              Extensive maintenance required

                                                                                              Single layer of protection

PVC                                 Economical                                  Environmental Issues (Chloride)

                                         Seams strong as welded steel      Life Span – 15 years

                                         Ponded water not an issue           Single layer of protection

                                        Track Record to 1980s

TPO                                Economical                                   Change in Material Formulations

                                        Seams strong as welded steel       Life Span – 15 years

                                        Flexible Sheet                                Limited Track Record – mid 1990s

                                        Ponded water not an issue            Single layer of protection

Modified Bitumen         Life Span – 20+ years                  Costly

                                        Multiple Layers of Protection       Ponding water is detrimental

                                        Track record to 1980s                  Coating required for long-term